Safety and efficacy of ketamine xylazine along with atropine anesthesia in BALB/c mice

Anesthetics are an indispensable prerequisite for surgical intervention and pharmacological animal studies. The objective of present study was to optimize the dose of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) along with atropine sulfate (A) in order to achieve surgical tolerance in BALB/c mice. Several doses of ketamine (100, 150, 200 mg/kg) and xylazine (10, 15, 20 mg/kg) were mixed and combination of nine doses (K/X: 100/10, 100/15, 100/20, 150/10, 150/15, 150/20, 200/10,200/15,200/20) were evaluated (n=9 per combination). A constant dose of atropine (0.05 mg/kg) was also used to counter side effect. Time-related parameters were evaluated on the basis of reflexes. KX at dose 200/20 mg/kg produced surgical tolerance in all nine mice with duration 55.00±6.87 minutes. The induction time 0.97±0.09 minutes, sleeping time 90.67±5.81 minutes and immobilization time (102.23±6.83 minutes) were significantly higher than all combination. However, this combination was considered unsafe due to 11 % mortality. While, KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg results in none of the mortality, so was considered as safe. Moreover, this combination produces surgical tolerance in 89 % mice with duration (30.00±7.45 minutes). It was concluded that KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg along with atropine 0.05 mg/kg is safe for performing surgical interventions in BALB/c mice.

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Molecular Analysis of Bacterial Pathogen Pasteurella Multocida Isolated from Cattle.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram negative, non motile and coccobacillus bacterium. It has 5 strains i.e. A, B, D, E and F and 16 serotypes (1-16). In present study, we analyzed Pasteurella multocida B: 2 strains, responsible for Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) in cattle, on morphological/microbial, biochemical, molecular level and to check the antibiotic sensitivity of the Pasteurella multocida. Microbial analysis showed that while grown on Brain Heart Infusion agar plates and Blood Agar Base Medium, grayish lustrous colonies of Pasteurella multocida were observed. Gram staining showed that Pasteurella multocida are gram negative. Microscopic observations revealed it to be coccobacillus and it was non- motile. Identification was conducted by conventional biochemical tests and percentage identification of Analytical Profile Index was 96 %. Antibiotic sensitivity with different antibiotics was checked by disk diffusion method and was found resistant to Augmentin, Amoxicillin and Aztreonam and was more susceptible to Ceftiofur. On molecular level its DNA was extracted and was run with marker having range from 0.5 – 10 kb. Its DNA was found heavier than 10 kb. It was concluded that accurate laboratory diagnosis of Pasteurella multocida depends on isolation and identification of suspected bacterial colonies by microscopy and biochemical tests. Molecular analysis is a successful tool for differentiation of strains in a variety of bacterial infections.